1) There are many dangers that are associated with the "digital divide", and many disadvantages as well for children who do not have access to the internet on a regular basis at home. For one thing they will feel very outcasted, they won't be able to relate to the students or other people who do have access to the internet. This divide makes teaching harder because the students who don't have internet at home and have to do an assignment on the internet won't be able to, they will fall behind and get bad marks in school and never succeed. A school usually has a website that holds information that might be useful to a student, there could be exam dates or scheduals that they need to know about are hard for the students who don't have internet access to get to.
2) Schools and the community are doing a little bit to try and help out those students who don't have internet access. In schools the students are allowed to research information for projects in school time, instead of having to do it on their own time and that can be hard for those students who don't have internet access. Communities have tried to get more computers into public libraries so that those who don't have access to the internet are able to go downtown and use the internet to get caught up in all the excitment of the town and the world.
3) I think that those who don't have internet access should try to find other ways to get information, like going to a friends house or trying to get all work done at shcool when they have a project that is having to do with the internet. The community could help out more as well, maybe by having fundraisers for those who don't have internet access so that they would be able to get the internet and not feel so left out. Or the community could make more things for students to do for fun instead of having to be on the internet all the time. Schools could try harder to make students feel equal, like if there is an assignment to do with the internet to let those who can't work on them at home to get more time to finish their project, or giving them a differnt assignment to do that has nothing to do with the internet.
Sources:
Myself
Sam
My Aunt Cara
Parents
Monday, January 14, 2008
Saturday, January 12, 2008
Moduel B Assignment 7
Google.ca:
People can add their own websites to google, all they need to do is to go onto google and find where it says "Add your URL" and click on it. Google states on that page that the URL you put on their might not appear on the search engine. That all depends on the top-level page from the host. It doesn't matter if you are a buisness person or a student, anyone can put ads onto google. This search engine ranks its pages by its top-level page from that website's URL. The ads on the search engine don't effect how the pages are ranked, the ads are in their own little section at the side of the web page.
Ask.com
Ask puts their advertisements onto the pages that correspond with the topic of the ad, these ads range from opening buisnesses to help wanted ads. The ads on this search engine don't affect the ranking of the pages. The person who owns the ad is responsible for the taking care of and updating of the ad. The pages that people apply to Ask are ranked by their protocol. The better the protocol on the page the better ranking that page will have on a search. An ask crawler, machine, manages all the pages on the search engine, it also is required to make updates to all pages when it is nessecary.
Microsoft/msn.com:
The ads on this website are paid for. The owner must pay each time a person on the web clicks on their ad. The ads are placed where people can find them quick and easy, where ever they search when they are searching for something on the web. The ads correspond to the search the person does, which doesn't effect the ranking of the pages on that particular search. The search engine ranks its pages by how many times a person clicks on one. If more and more people use one page then that page will have a higher ranking than the other pages from that search. The people who submit pages to this search engine are responsible for keeping it up to date.
Which I liked better:
For each of these search engines I looked up the subject of writing. I found that google and msn.com had the same pages show up. Ask.com had some really random things about writing, it wasn't very exciting. I liked google.ca better than all the other search engines. The reason for this is that I understand how to use it better than the other ones. It is easily laid out and it is easy to find information about anything you need, like for this assignment it was easy to find info on the search engine. Over all I would pick google to search for anything I need. It is the most popular search engine and I believe that is because this search engine makes it easy to find what you are looking for and I believe that it is the faster search engine out of the three that I chose to look up for the assignment.
People can add their own websites to google, all they need to do is to go onto google and find where it says "Add your URL" and click on it. Google states on that page that the URL you put on their might not appear on the search engine. That all depends on the top-level page from the host. It doesn't matter if you are a buisness person or a student, anyone can put ads onto google. This search engine ranks its pages by its top-level page from that website's URL. The ads on the search engine don't effect how the pages are ranked, the ads are in their own little section at the side of the web page.
Ask.com
Ask puts their advertisements onto the pages that correspond with the topic of the ad, these ads range from opening buisnesses to help wanted ads. The ads on this search engine don't affect the ranking of the pages. The person who owns the ad is responsible for the taking care of and updating of the ad. The pages that people apply to Ask are ranked by their protocol. The better the protocol on the page the better ranking that page will have on a search. An ask crawler, machine, manages all the pages on the search engine, it also is required to make updates to all pages when it is nessecary.
Microsoft/msn.com:
The ads on this website are paid for. The owner must pay each time a person on the web clicks on their ad. The ads are placed where people can find them quick and easy, where ever they search when they are searching for something on the web. The ads correspond to the search the person does, which doesn't effect the ranking of the pages on that particular search. The search engine ranks its pages by how many times a person clicks on one. If more and more people use one page then that page will have a higher ranking than the other pages from that search. The people who submit pages to this search engine are responsible for keeping it up to date.
Which I liked better:
For each of these search engines I looked up the subject of writing. I found that google and msn.com had the same pages show up. Ask.com had some really random things about writing, it wasn't very exciting. I liked google.ca better than all the other search engines. The reason for this is that I understand how to use it better than the other ones. It is easily laid out and it is easy to find information about anything you need, like for this assignment it was easy to find info on the search engine. Over all I would pick google to search for anything I need. It is the most popular search engine and I believe that is because this search engine makes it easy to find what you are looking for and I believe that it is the faster search engine out of the three that I chose to look up for the assignment.
Monday, January 7, 2008
Lab Log Entry #7
A) LEO, MEO, and GEO satellites
LEO or Low Earth Orbiting satellites are used for the coverage of small areas on the Earth and travel at high angular velocities, which allows it to keep its orbit constant. LEO's are deployed in satellite constellations. Because LEO satellites cover such a small area on Earth there needs to be many LEO satellites to keep orbit over the whole Earth. An example of a satellite constellation that a LEO can travel in is a GPS, it allows you to find your way around when you are driving or hiking somewhere and you don't know where you are going.
MEO or Medium Earth Orbiting satellites are satellites that oribit about 100 miles to 1000 miles above the Earth's surface; these types of satellites are higher up than a LEO satellite but are lower than a GEO satellite by means of where they are in the universe. It takes a MEO satellite about 2-12 hours to complete its orbit around the Earth. Their orbit pattern is an almost perfect circle which infers that its speed and altitude is always constant. Because of a MEO satellites altitude Earth based transmitters that have low frequencies can contact them. When there are several MEO satellites there can be global wireless communication all around the world, it would take many more than 7 LEO satellites to have the same amount of coverage that a MEO satellite does. An example of a MEO satellite is a satellite phone.
GEO or Geosynchronous Earth Orbiting satellites are satellites that constantly passes points on the Earth on a regular basis. If there is a GEO satellite over the equator than it is known as a geostationary satellite. GEO are usually sationed over parts of the equator and are used for the transmitting and recieving of antennas on Earth that don't need to track satellites to work. An example of an antenna that a GEO has been responsible for revolving are global communication, weather forecasting and television broadcasting. A disavantage of a GEO satellite is its altitude, because GEO satellites are so far away from the Earth it takes a radio signal about .25 seconds to reach the satellite and return to Earth, this is a problem because radio signals could interfere with telecommunication on Earth, making it harder for people to communicate between each other.
LEO or Low Earth Orbiting satellites are used for the coverage of small areas on the Earth and travel at high angular velocities, which allows it to keep its orbit constant. LEO's are deployed in satellite constellations. Because LEO satellites cover such a small area on Earth there needs to be many LEO satellites to keep orbit over the whole Earth. An example of a satellite constellation that a LEO can travel in is a GPS, it allows you to find your way around when you are driving or hiking somewhere and you don't know where you are going.
MEO or Medium Earth Orbiting satellites are satellites that oribit about 100 miles to 1000 miles above the Earth's surface; these types of satellites are higher up than a LEO satellite but are lower than a GEO satellite by means of where they are in the universe. It takes a MEO satellite about 2-12 hours to complete its orbit around the Earth. Their orbit pattern is an almost perfect circle which infers that its speed and altitude is always constant. Because of a MEO satellites altitude Earth based transmitters that have low frequencies can contact them. When there are several MEO satellites there can be global wireless communication all around the world, it would take many more than 7 LEO satellites to have the same amount of coverage that a MEO satellite does. An example of a MEO satellite is a satellite phone.
GEO or Geosynchronous Earth Orbiting satellites are satellites that constantly passes points on the Earth on a regular basis. If there is a GEO satellite over the equator than it is known as a geostationary satellite. GEO are usually sationed over parts of the equator and are used for the transmitting and recieving of antennas on Earth that don't need to track satellites to work. An example of an antenna that a GEO has been responsible for revolving are global communication, weather forecasting and television broadcasting. A disavantage of a GEO satellite is its altitude, because GEO satellites are so far away from the Earth it takes a radio signal about .25 seconds to reach the satellite and return to Earth, this is a problem because radio signals could interfere with telecommunication on Earth, making it harder for people to communicate between each other.
Thursday, December 13, 2007
Module B Aassignment 6
Problems:
1) Wireless network is not password protected.
2) Wireless networks are in highly populated ares which makes it harder to track down people that hack into your networks
3) If the wireless network is auto-connect it makes it easier for hackers to get into your networks and get free internet access.
4) There are limits to everything you do on your networks; programming and services included.
Solutions:
1) Manage network and add a password.
2) Password protect your network.
3) Do not auto-connect your networks.
4) Get a different network or talk to your computer helper person and ask if they can fix your network settings.
Bibliography:
Information was provided by Chris Haynes.
http://compnetworking.about.com/od/wirelessecurity/tp/wifisecurity.htm
http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/wireless/2002/05/24/wlan.html
1) Wireless network is not password protected.
2) Wireless networks are in highly populated ares which makes it harder to track down people that hack into your networks
3) If the wireless network is auto-connect it makes it easier for hackers to get into your networks and get free internet access.
4) There are limits to everything you do on your networks; programming and services included.
Solutions:
1) Manage network and add a password.
2) Password protect your network.
3) Do not auto-connect your networks.
4) Get a different network or talk to your computer helper person and ask if they can fix your network settings.
Bibliography:
Information was provided by Chris Haynes.
http://compnetworking.about.com/od/wirelessecurity/tp/wifisecurity.htm
http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/wireless/2002/05/24/wlan.html
Lab Log Entry #5
Part A:
IP Address: an unique address that is used to identify and communicate between networks using their Internet Protocol standards.
Subnet Mask: Determined what subnet an IP Address belongs to.
Physical Address: the memory address; prestented in the form of binary numbers and is on the computer address bus in order to enable the data bus to access the storage of memory cells.
Bibliography
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address
IP Address: an unique address that is used to identify and communicate between networks using their Internet Protocol standards.
Subnet Mask: Determined what subnet an IP Address belongs to.
Default Gateway: A node in a computer network; is a service between access points in networks.
Part B:
Internet Address: unique address that identifyes and communticates between networks by means of their Internet Protocol Standards.
Physical Address: the memory address; prestented in the form of binary numbers and is on the computer address bus in order to enable the data bus to access the storage of memory cells.
Dynamic Type: the runtime of a computer network.
Bibliography
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/s/subnet_mask.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_gateway
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_address
http://www.google.ca/search?hl=en&defl=en&q=define:dynamic+type&sa=X&oi=glossary_definition&ct=title
Monday, December 3, 2007
Moduel B Assignment 5
1. IEEE- Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers; an international non-profit professional organization that works towards the advancement of techonlogy that is related to electricity.
2. IEEE 802.3- It is a group of IEEE standards that define the physical layer, media access control (MAC) sublayer of the data link layer, and Ethernet. There are physical connections made between nodes by different types of copper or fiber cables.
3. Ethernet- defines a group of wiring/signaling standards for the physical layer, through the data link/ media access control layer; and is a common adress format. It is a frame-based computer network technology used in local area networks (LANs).
4. Star Topology- could be known as a star network, the most common network setups; each device on each computer on a network connects to a central hub. A disadvantage is that is the hub fails, all the compuers connected to that hub would become disconnected.
5. Hub- a device that is used for connecting many twisted pair/ fiber optic ethernet devices together, which makes the devices act as one. these hubs work at the physical layer of the operating system; are also responsible for forwarding jam signals to all ports if there is a detected collision.
6. Proxy Server- in computer networks it is a server that services the requests of the "clients"; by forwarding the "client's" requests to other servers. It provides the resource by connecting to the specified server by the request of the clients.
7. Collision- in networks, when two devices from the same network attempt to transmit data at the same time.
8. Firewall- a system that protects networks from unauthorized users and viruses, and can be used in software, hardware, or both of them. Can also control the amount of data that leaves a network.
29. 100 base (generic)- when a fast ethernet is going at 100Mbits/s.
30. LLC- Stands for library link code. It is the codes that a library puts onto their homepage for people to use to get to other links that the library offers quickly.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/startopo.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_hub
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server
2. IEEE 802.3- It is a group of IEEE standards that define the physical layer, media access control (MAC) sublayer of the data link layer, and Ethernet. There are physical connections made between nodes by different types of copper or fiber cables.
3. Ethernet- defines a group of wiring/signaling standards for the physical layer, through the data link/ media access control layer; and is a common adress format. It is a frame-based computer network technology used in local area networks (LANs).
4. Star Topology- could be known as a star network, the most common network setups; each device on each computer on a network connects to a central hub. A disadvantage is that is the hub fails, all the compuers connected to that hub would become disconnected.
5. Hub- a device that is used for connecting many twisted pair/ fiber optic ethernet devices together, which makes the devices act as one. these hubs work at the physical layer of the operating system; are also responsible for forwarding jam signals to all ports if there is a detected collision.
6. Proxy Server- in computer networks it is a server that services the requests of the "clients"; by forwarding the "client's" requests to other servers. It provides the resource by connecting to the specified server by the request of the clients.
7. Collision- in networks, when two devices from the same network attempt to transmit data at the same time.
8. Firewall- a system that protects networks from unauthorized users and viruses, and can be used in software, hardware, or both of them. Can also control the amount of data that leaves a network.
9. Protocol- controls/enables the connection, data transfer and communication between computers. It is known as a set of rules for communication. Can be used be hardware, software, or both.
10.Broadcast Domain- A logical network segment that any computer/ any other devices can connect to a network and can directly trasmit anything to any other domain without having to pass thorugh a routing device, but they have to be connected to the same subnet address and have the same VLAN installed or defaulted.
11. Intranet- a private computer network that uses internet protocols. It connectivity to securly share a part in an organization's information and/or operations with the companies employees. Sometimes it only refers to an internal website.
12. NIC- Stands for network interface card. It is used to connect a computer to an Ethernet network. Can be used in external or internal transceivers.
13. Router- a device that connects networks together. Extracts the destination of a packet of data that it recieves and then choses the best path for that packet to travel to the desired computer.
14. Terminator- used to absorb signals so that the signals don't reflect back down the line. It is a device that is attached to the end-points of a bes network.
15. Plenum Cable- a cable that is stiffer and stronger than a regualar network cable. It is used to run through a plenum space in a building.
16. Block Coding- a type of channel coding. It adds to a message so, at a reciever, the message can be decoded with the least amount of errors, considering if the information rate does not exceed the channel's capacity.
17. Plenum- it is the space, in a building, that is used for ventallation. air conditioning, or heat equipment. It is also the space where the plenum cables go. The space is to small for a human to fit in.
18. MAC Address- an address that is connected to most network adapters. It's a number that is acting like a name for a network adapter.
19. Bridge- connects multipe network segments at the data link layer of an Operating system model. Similar to repeaters or network hubs, works by bridging where there is traffic in the data flow of a network.
20. Point to point technology- when information is passed from one point in a network to a different point in the same network or to a different network.
21. Late collision- a type of collision that occurs in after the first 512 bit times of data transmitted by a transmitting station. Usually found in CSMA/CD protocol standtards. If a late collision is left for a period of time the data that is being transmitted can be lost.
22. MAU- Stands for multiple access unit. It is an Ethernet transceiver. A device that is physically connected to networks by means of a star topology layout.23.Full duplex operation- when there is a connection between two devices that are capable of sending data between them in both directions. Can only link two devices together.
24. Half duplex operation- when there is a connection between two network nodes, there is only a transmittion of data in one direction at a time. Refers to any number of connections between devices that are transmitting things back and forth.
25. Baud- a unit for measuring analog signaling. One baud is the same as one bit per second, but at a higher speed more bits can be transfered through a single baud.
26. Bit rate- the amount of bits that are transmitted in a time period.
27.Link integrity test- when the data path is checked by the links between the networks.
28. 10 base (generic)- most common numerical system. Each number has 10 as its base. It is just the numbers that you count by. Also known as the decimal numeral system.29. 100 base (generic)- when a fast ethernet is going at 100Mbits/s.
30. LLC- Stands for library link code. It is the codes that a library puts onto their homepage for people to use to get to other links that the library offers quickly.
31. AUI- Stands for Attachment Unit Interface. It is a 15 pin connector that would provide a path between an Ethernet's nodes and the MAU.
32. Packet- a unit of binary data that is capable of being routed throughout a computer's network.
33. Bandwidth- the data rate that is supported by a network's connection or interface. The total distand that is between the hightest and lowest signals of a communication channel.
34. Repeater- regenerates any incoming signals from a network.
35. Octet- represents an eight bit quantity of signals or data in a network.
36.Port- an endport/channel of network communication.
37. TCP- Stands for transmittion control protocol. Helps with the delivery of bytes to a network by making it easier for the information to go where it is suppost to go.
38. IP- Stands for internet protocol. A protocol that is responsible for communtication across a packet-switched internetwork.
39. FTP- Stands for file transfer protocol. Used to transfer data from one computer network to another by means of the internet.
40. Logical address- refers to a network layer address. ex. and IP address.
41. DNS- Stands for domain name service. Serves as a phone book in the internet. Also stores informaton. It is an important component for unsing the internet.
Bibliography:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/startopo.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_hub
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci211814,00.html
http://www.intel.com/products/glossary/body.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_(computing)
http://en.wikiepdia.org/wiki/Broadcast_domain
http://en.wikiepdia.org/wiki/Intranet
http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/course/lan-pages/nic.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/terminator.html
http://www.tech-faq.com/plenum-cable.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_code
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_bridge
http://www.point2pointtech.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_collision
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/MAU.html
http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_SimplexFullDuplexandHalfDuplexOperation.htm
http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/rasandmodems/g/bldef_baud.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate
http://www.ethermanage.com/ethernet/10quickref/ch5qr_6.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_ethernet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attachment_Unit_Interface
http://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkprotocols/l/bldef_packet.htm
http://compnetworking.about.com/od/speedtests/g/bldef_bandwidth.htm
http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/internetworking/g/bldef_repeater.htm
http://compnetworking.about.com/od/workingwithipaddresses/g/bldef_octet.htm
http://compnetworking.about.com/od/basicnetworkingconcepts/l/bldef_port.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_address
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name_system
Monday, November 26, 2007
Moduel B Assignment #4
OSI means Open Systems Interconnection. It is a definition of network framing in seven layers. OSI control is passed from layer to layer. It starts at the applcation layer (layer 7) and works its way down to the physical layer (layer 1). After going from one layer to the other OSI starts going from channel to channel and then back up the layers.
Layer 7 is known as the application layer. It supports the application and the end-user processes. All the things in this layer are application-specific. This layer provides application services used in the transferring on files, e-mails, and other things the network software used. user authentication and privacy are considered for this particular layer. Another part of this layer are the tiered application architectures.
Layer 6 is known as the presentaion layer also known as the syntax layer. It provides independence from the differences in the data representation. This happens by translating from application to the network format, and the other way around. Also this particular layer formats data to be sent across networks, which provides freedom from compatibility problems that could arise.
Layer 5 is known as the session layer. It establishes, manages, and terminates the connections between applications. This layer sets-up, corrdinates, and terminates any conversation, exchanges and dialogues that might have happened between the applications. Also in this layer session and connection corrdination are delt with.
Layer 4 is known as the transport layer. In this layer the transparent layer or data between the systems are provided. This layer makes sure there is a complete data transfer between the systems.
Layer 3 is known as the network layer. In this layer there is the switching and routing of technologies. It creates logical paths that allows transmittion of data from node to node. Other functions of this layer are the routing and forwarding, addressing, internetworking, error handleing, and congestion control/ packet sequencing.
Layer 2 is known as the data link layer. All the data packets that have been sent to a system are encoded and decoded into bits. It is divided into two different sublayers: The Media Access Control- the sublayer that controls how a computer will gain access to a network's data and how is can get permission to tansmit that data. The Logical Link Layer- the sublayer that controls the flow control and error checking of a system's network.
The final layer is layer 1 which is known as the physical layer. In this layer there is the conveying of the bit stream (electrical impules, light/radio signals). This happens through the network at a electrical or mechanical level. This layer provides the hardware of sending and recieving of data by use of a carrier. Some examples of protocols with the physical layer compenents are: Fast Ethernet, RS232 and ATM.
Ethernet is relevent to OSI by how it defines a number of wiring/ signaling standards from the physical layer(Layer1). This happens by the means of a network access at the MAC/ Data Link Layers (Layer 2), also through a common address format.
Bibliography
http://en.wikipedia.org/Ethernet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Systems_Interconnection
http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/OSI_Layers.asp
Layer 7 is known as the application layer. It supports the application and the end-user processes. All the things in this layer are application-specific. This layer provides application services used in the transferring on files, e-mails, and other things the network software used. user authentication and privacy are considered for this particular layer. Another part of this layer are the tiered application architectures.
Layer 6 is known as the presentaion layer also known as the syntax layer. It provides independence from the differences in the data representation. This happens by translating from application to the network format, and the other way around. Also this particular layer formats data to be sent across networks, which provides freedom from compatibility problems that could arise.
Layer 5 is known as the session layer. It establishes, manages, and terminates the connections between applications. This layer sets-up, corrdinates, and terminates any conversation, exchanges and dialogues that might have happened between the applications. Also in this layer session and connection corrdination are delt with.
Layer 4 is known as the transport layer. In this layer the transparent layer or data between the systems are provided. This layer makes sure there is a complete data transfer between the systems.
Layer 3 is known as the network layer. In this layer there is the switching and routing of technologies. It creates logical paths that allows transmittion of data from node to node. Other functions of this layer are the routing and forwarding, addressing, internetworking, error handleing, and congestion control/ packet sequencing.
Layer 2 is known as the data link layer. All the data packets that have been sent to a system are encoded and decoded into bits. It is divided into two different sublayers: The Media Access Control- the sublayer that controls how a computer will gain access to a network's data and how is can get permission to tansmit that data. The Logical Link Layer- the sublayer that controls the flow control and error checking of a system's network.
The final layer is layer 1 which is known as the physical layer. In this layer there is the conveying of the bit stream (electrical impules, light/radio signals). This happens through the network at a electrical or mechanical level. This layer provides the hardware of sending and recieving of data by use of a carrier. Some examples of protocols with the physical layer compenents are: Fast Ethernet, RS232 and ATM.
Ethernet is relevent to OSI by how it defines a number of wiring/ signaling standards from the physical layer(Layer1). This happens by the means of a network access at the MAC/ Data Link Layers (Layer 2), also through a common address format.
Bibliography
http://en.wikipedia.org/Ethernet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Systems_Interconnection
http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/OSI_Layers.asp
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